1. How did Janssen's, Hooke's, and Leewenhoek's work contribute to the work of the scientists that came after them?
Leuwenhoek Used his handcrafted microscopes and was the first to observe and describe single celled organisms, which he originally referred to as animalcules, and which we now refer to as microorganisms. He was also the first to record microscopic observations of muscle fibers, bacteria, spermatozoa and blood flow in capillaries.
Hooke published Micrographia, a book describing his microscopic and telescopic observations, and some original work in biology. Hooke coined the term cell for describing biological organism, the term being suggested by the resemblance of plant cells to monks’ cells.
Zacharias Janssen created the compound microscope and invented the lenses used by Leeuwenhoek. They also helped make cless come alive as one of three inventors of the first modern microscope.
2. How would our lives be different if we had never realized the existance of microorganisms? Provide at least one example to support your answer.
If we never knew about the existence of microorganism, as we would have wasted unhealthy we would never take bath property, we would never kept our surrounding clean which can cause us having diseases that can make us ill. We can’t make any medicine to heal us when we are sick if we don’t know microorganism’s.
3. Describe the concept of spontaneous generation. Why do you think it took such a long time for people to accept that this idea was incorrect?
The spontaneous Generation is belief that living creature can spawn from raw or damage, example Lises can spawn at a certain places like dust or rotten meat. Louis Pasture didn’t agree with this experiment or Spontaneous generation, Because people still belief that the breeding of creatures based on the ancestors but spontaneous generation think very differently.
4. How do you think the cell theory impacted later scientific discoveries? Explain your answer.
The cell theory has helped greatly at modern sciences or scientific discoveries. It proves that every living thing on earth is made up of one or more cells. It impacted modern science or scientific discoveries because now scientist can find out more about organisms that they couldn’t have if they didn’t know about cells. Because of this, scientist don’t have to worry about the lack of understanding about the organisms.
5. The microscope and numerous experiments lead to the rejection of spontaneous generation. This idea had been accepted by most people, including scientists, for over 200 years. How does this demonstrate the true nature of science?
The true nature of science is to develop theories and the test those theories, once more modern methods disprove those theories then you can develop new theories once again. Its basically a cycle of testing and developing ever changing hypotheses.
6. Review Pasteur's experiment. Relate his experiment to the scientific method.
a. What was Pasteur's question?
Where do the microbes come from ?
b. State a reasonable hypothesis based upon this question.
Microbes come from cells of organisms on dust particles in the air; not the air itself.
c. What was the independent variable in Pasteur's experiment? What was the dependent variable?
The dependent variable in Pasteur’s experiment is when the flaks was tipped to allow the trapped microorganism to enter the infusion.
d. What did Pasteur conclude from his experiment?
Germs in the air were able to fall unobstructed down the straight neck flask and contaminate the agar jelly however the curved flask trapped germs in the curved neck preventing the microbes from reaching the agar. Also concluded that germs can only come from other germs.
7. Examine your timeline. How long did it take to develop the cell theory? What does this imply about the formulation of a theory?
- Robert Hooke first noticed and actually named cells in 1662
8. Why do we still consider the cell theory a theory? Explain your answer.
The cell theory is still a theory because there is still no proof of how the first cell was formed.
Anology Cell -adinda
Plant Cell Analogy
adinda
Cell Wall are the support for cell membrane
Cell wall is like an butt pad for ice skating, it protects the butt from falling.
Cell Membrane provide a support for the cells and protect inside cell.
Cell membrane like an ice skating shoes, it support the skaters to skate on ice.
Nucleolus is like the coach who gives information how to skate
Nucleus is a cell structure that has DNA and control cellular growth and reproduction.
Nucleus is like google and the maps that can control direction where we will go.
Chloroplasts is in plant cell that contains chlorophyll and photosynthesis takes place.
Chloroplasts is like the sweat of the skater after skate, they get tired and need hydration.
Ribosomes is in plat cell that makes protein and ribosomes follow direction from DNA.
Ribosomes is like a skater doing a double axel ( a jump ) from the coach direction
Lysosomes is in plant cell and its to clean waste.
Lysosomes is like a fat of the skater, it looses weight after they skate.
POTATOES LAB REPORT
1. Introduction
Potatoes that can increase the weight only with pure water, and decrease with weight with salt water. The experiment shows us how does Osmosis works, Osmosis is a process where the water can comes in or goes out. We sliced the potato into two piece, and put it in a baker A filled with regular water and baker B filled with water and salt that are mixed. The hypothesis is, the potatoes are going to change color and it is going to have the same amount of weight.
2. Procedure
Materials:
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2 Bakers
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Salt
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Water
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Spoon/Mixer
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Potatoes (cut into 2 pieces)
STEPS:
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Lay out your two beaker glass and fill them both with the same amount of water (Half a beaker glass “125 ml”)
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Measure out two tablespoons of salt and sprinkle it in one of the beaker glass
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Slice the potato (30) gr each
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Makes sure you slice the potato down the middle.
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Wait about 45 minutes for the potatoes to soak in the water
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Flip both potato halves over.
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Observe what the water affected the potato.
3. Data Table
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According to the Data Table, the potato that putted in regular water increases weight, and the potato with salt-water decrease. This cause happened because of Osmosis.
4. Result
The hypothesis is not proven because that we thought either it would change color, or the potato in the salt-water will be rotten. In fact, the potatoes are just gaining some weight or loose some weight from the Osmosis activity. The potato in regular water, observe the water go in to gain weight. Meanwhile, the potato looses two until 3 grams from the salt-water.
GROUP PROPOSAL
AVIAN FLU
AVIAN FLU
Introduction ( Felix )
A avian flu outbreak that swept the world, particularly the Asian region, it is a concern, both the public and health agencies. This is caused by avian flu disease that can be transmitted to humans and it is death-dealing because it can lead to death. The case is very heavily preached in various media, which creates nervousness from many parties.
“Influenza, commonly called "the flu", is a contagious disease caused by viruses that infect the respiratory tract including nose, throat, and lungs.” (Government of Canada, CCOHS, 2017) This is caused by the bird flu disease which can be transmitted to humans and can be fatal because it can lead to death. This case is very heavily preached in various mass media to create anxiety many parties. “Humans can be infected with avian and other zoonotic influenza viruses, such as avian influenza virus subtypes A(H5N1), A(H7N9), and A(H9N2) and swine influenza virus subtypes A(H1N1) and (H3N2).” (WHO, 2016)
H5N1 virus in humans causes typical flu-like symptoms, such as “cough, diarrhea, trouble breathing, fever greater than 100.4°F (38°C), headache, general ill feeling (malaise), muscle aches, runny nose, sore throat.” (The New York Times, 2013) We can get infected because of direct contact with the infected animals. In may 2015, WHO recorded that there are 840 people infected by H5N1 worldwide and 447 had died in three most avian flu infected country, which is Indonesia, Vietnam and Egypt.
Primary Objectives ( Alisha )
Scientific writing is done to provide knowledge about what it is Bird Flu to readers and anyone who read this paper so they know what it is Bird Flu from the sense, the cause, the spread, the symptoms, until the deterrent. It will release them to be wary of the Bird Flu outbreak. Since avian flu is very dangerous, it is important to do a scientific research to raise awareness of avian flu.
Materials and Method ( Adinda )
We are going to research about Avian Flu deeply, and what are the causes and effect why human can be infected. Not only that, we are going to make a video about Avian Flu. By interviewing the professional such as doctor, etc. The video is mostly about an interview, cause-effect about Avian flu, and others. The materials that we needed is a camera, paper/the question list interview, phone for recording just incase that the hospital does not allow us to record the doctor.
Existing Case Studies ( Felix )
Study Case 1
Avian Flu is deadly to most birds. But it’s also deadly to humans and other mammals that catch the birds. There have been more than 20 outbreaks of highly pathogenic bird flu in poultry since 1959. The three human flu pandemics share a genetic lineage that began with a genetic mutation in 1918.
There’s a passive case report on the period of December 2008- June 2009 in Egypt. There was a mass poultry vaccination campaign that was done in 2008-2009. It was done by an organization but it’s not well-done. They give vaccines to all people who have poultry but they don’t keep themselves updated. The mass poultry vaccination campaign on passive surveillance will bring negative impacts to it. It will become useless if they don’t check whether it’s working or not. They don’t keep updated on the poultry that has been vaccinated. So they will never know if their campaign of vaccine working or not.
Study Case 2
Millions of persons in Thailand raise backyard chickens near their houses, which increase the risk of H5N1 in humans. According to the Thai Broiler Processing Exporters Association, approximately 800 million chickens are produced every year in Thailand with more than 400,000 people employed in this industry. By early January 2004, there are large-scale poultry deaths in central and northern Thailand province. Then Vietnam reported its first human death caused by H5N1 infection. In response to that, Thailand increase their surveillance in all kinds of poultry. Thailand has no AIV vaccination policy at present. Avian flu vaccine is not widely used in Thailand and is limited to persons who can afford to pay the vaccine or the health care.
TIMELINE ( Christopher )
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Responsibilities ( Adinda )
There are some responsibilities for the members in the group like communication manager, archive manager, time manager, and project manager. These following jobs are responsible by:
1. Felix (Communication Manager)
2. Alisha (Archive Manager)
3. Chris (Time Manager)
4. Adinda (Project Manager)
Felix as Communication Manager needs to manage the information of the disease, the communication between the group and the teacher, also, what needs to be done. Chris as Time Manager, manage the time and write what are the activities we just did today. Adinda as the Project manager, compiles and who print the proposal. Meanwhile, Alisha as the Archive Manager needs to compile all the data and analyze the things that we have typed. If the following member does not follow the rule. One of the member who break the rule needs to bring the other members food/snacks.
References (Adinda )
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/avian_influenza/en/
VOCAB
VOCAB
Taxonomy:
Science naming of biological organism
Six Kingdoms:
Organism are classified ad domain in six kingdoms. Such as Archaebacteria, Eubacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia.
Dichotomous Key
A tool that Identify their nature. Like trees, wildflowers, mammals, reptiles, rocks, and fish.
Classification of Animals
Related living organism
Biome
a large naturally occurring community of flora and fauna occupying a major habitat
Ecosystem
a biological community of interacting organism
Animal Classification
MONOCOT vs DICOT
COSMOS
Every organism will have evolution. The change of structure, body, or I can say as the looks. The example of the evolution is the wolf, a wolf is the first generation of a dog version. And it goes down to inherit/genetics. This activity is caused by human, we modified, and design the organism. These are called, artificial selection. they are made for human purposes or for the next new generation. The earth wasn’t as advance, and technology like these days. The part was pretty much rot-looking, the plants hadn’t grew yet. It’s just water and hills. Generation to generation, reptile in the water is the first animal.
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Another example, is, brown bear. The first bear wasn’t white fur, it was brown. brown bear has modified to white bear. After a few generation, brown bear extinct because of the modification. White bear is much faster to hunt food. Us, as a human. We have the same genetics as butterfly, and other animals. We are the combination of other organism, we can say it as they are our “ancestor.” We have the similar DNA as them.